Debian

Debian 5.04 第二天

四 24th

作者: reistlin 来源: reistlin.com 更新时间: 2010.04
版权: 原创文章.转载请保留作者信息和原文完整.谢绝任何方式的摘要

Debian 5.04 安装常用软件包:

# 编译工具 apt-get install gcc make


# 系统工具

apt-get install vim aptitude lrzsz sudo rcconf modconf psmisc sysstat locate
# 远程管理

apt-get install openssh-server openssh-client openssl
# 压缩/解压缩工具

apt-get install bzip2 rar unrar zip unzip 
# 网络工具

apt-get install curl dnsutils tcpdump vnstat iperf iftop dnstop snmp

Debian 5.04 系统初始化配置:

设置系统时区和时间:

# 北京时间 cp -a /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Taipei /etc/localtime

# 小时:分钟 date -s HH:MM

关闭系统UTC同步:

vim /etc/default/rcS

# off UTC syn UTC=no

关闭Linux System Beep声音:

vim /etc/profile

# off system beep setterm -blength 0

vimrc 配置文件:

vim /etc/vim/vimrc


# 语法高亮

syntax on
# 搜索关键字高亮

set hlsearch

# 显示行号 set number

.bashrc 配置文件:
# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then eval "`dircolors -b`" alias ls='ls --color=auto' alias dir='dir --color=auto' alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'


    alias grep='grep --color=auto'

    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'

    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'

fi
# some more ls aliases

alias ll='ls -l'

alias la='ls -A'

alias l='ls -CF'

# history time # 增加命令行历史记录2000行, 并且记录命令行执行时间 HISTFILESIZE=2000 HISTFILESIZE=2000 HISTTIMEFORMAT="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S " export HISTTIMEFORMAT

Debian 5.04 第一天

四 24th

由REISTLIN发表在Debian

作者: reistlin 来源: reistlin.com 更新时间: 2010.04
版权: 原创文章.转载请保留作者信息和原文完整.谢绝任何方式的摘要

Debian 5.04 台湾官方下载 (ISO):

[ftp://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian-cd/5.0.4/i386/iso-cd/debian-504-i386-CD-1.iso]

Debian 5.04 配置基本系统:

IP地址设置: /etc/network/interface
# 动态DHCP获得IP地址


# 启动系统激活设备

# Loop回环地址

auto lo

iface lo inet loopback

# 启动系统激活设备 # 网卡eth0设置为DHCP类型 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp

# 静态STATIC指定IP地址


# 启动系统激活设备

# Loop回环地址

auto lo

iface lo inet loopback

# 启动系统激活设备 # 网卡eth0设置为Static类型 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static

# 指定IP地址.子网掩码.子网.广播.网关

address 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.0.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255 gateway 192.168.0.1

重新启动网络服务:

/etc/init.d/networking restart


# 禁用网卡 eth0:

ifdown eth0

# 启用网卡 eth0: ifup eth0

DNS服务器设置: /etc/resolv.conf

# Google DNS dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 dns-nameservers 8.8.4.4

# OpenDNS dns-nameservers 208.67.222.222 dns-nameservers 208.67.220.220

主机名设置(1): /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.0.1 hostname

主机名设置(2): /etc/hostname

hostname

apt-get 源: /etc/apt/sources.list
网易镜像 [http://mirrors.163.com]
搜狐镜像 [http://mirrors.sohu.com]

deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny main non-free contrib deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny-proposed-updates main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny-proposed-updates main non-free contrib

deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian/ lenny main non-free contrib deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian/ lenny-proposed-updates main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian/ lenny main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/debian/ lenny-proposed-updates main non-free contrib

apt-get 命令:

apt-get update 更新软件包列表 apt-get upgrade 更新所有软件包 apt-get dist-upgrade 更新所有软件包并且更新Release版本 apt-cache search 查找指定软件包信息(关键字) apt-cache show 详细显示指定软件包的信息 apt-get install 安装指定软件包 apt-get remove 移除指定软件包(不移除配置文件) apt-get purge 彻底移除软件包 apt-get autoremove 自动删除多余(没有依赖关系的)软件包

Apache 1.3 启用 Mod_fastcgi

八 17th

由REISTLIN发表在Apache

1. 下载:

Apache 1.3:

[http://labs.xiaonei.com/apache-mirror/httpd/apache_1.3.41.tar.gz]

Fastcgi (Apache Mod):

[http://www.fastcgi.com/dist/mod_fastcgi-2.4.6.tar.gz]

2. 编译:

# 解压缩 Apaache

tar zxvf apache_1.3.41.tar.gz

# 解压缩 mod_fastcgi

tar zxvf mod_fastcgi-2.4.6.tar.gz

# 移动 mod_fastcgi 到 Apache 的 Modules 目录

mv mod_fastcgi-2.4.6 apache_1.3.41/src/modules/fastcgi

# 开始编译安装

./configure –prefix=/home/apache \
–enable-module=so \
–enable-module=rewrite \
–activate-module=src/modules/fastcgi/libfastcgi.a

make

make install

3. 配置:

# 复制 apachectl 文件到系统启动目录.

cp /home/apache/bin/apachectl /etc/init.d/httpd

# 编辑 /etc/init.d/httpd 文件. 添加 chkconfig 自动启动参数

vi /etc/init.d/httpd

#!/bin/sh
#
# chkconfig: – 85 15
# description: Apache 1.3.41 World Wide Web Server

4. 测试:

# 启动 Apache 服务

services httpd restart

# 查看 Fastcgi 进程

ps -eLf | grep “fcgi” | grep -v “grep”

nobody /home/apache/bin/fcgi-

# 查看 Apache 编译模块

/home/apache/bin/httpd -l

mod_fastcgi.c

Apache 1.3 启用 Mod_Rewrite

八 17th

由REISTLIN发表在Apache

1. 编译:

./configure –prefix=/home/apache \
–enable-module=so \
–enable-module=rewrite \
–activate-module=src/modules/fastcgi/libfastcgi.a

2. 配置:

vi /home/apache/conf/httpd.conf

<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
</Directory>

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>

RewriteEngine On
RewriteLog /home/apache/logs/rewrite_log
RewriteLogLevel 0

</IfModule>

3. 测试:

# 重新启动Apache

/etc/init.d/httpd restart

# 检查Apache静态编译模块

/home/apache/bin/httpd -l

相关链接: [Ubuntu Server 启用 Apache Mod_Rewrite ]

设置 Local Time Zone 时区

三 29th

由REISTLIN发表在Debian

方法1:

使用 tzselect 命令. 选择 Asia (5)-> China (9) -> east China – Shanghai (1). 选择完成后提示你输入设置命令行: TZ=’Asia/Shanghai’; export TZ 你可以将此命令行增加到你的用户主目录/.profile 文件中. 注销重新登陆即可.

方法2: [推荐]

sudo cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Taipei /etc/localtime

相关链接: [关闭 Linux UTC 同步]

Debian Linux LVM 配置手册

三 25th

由REISTLIN发表在Debian

摘要: 使用 Debian Linux 下的 lvm2 配置 LVM 磁盘系统
作者: By REISTLIN [雷斯林] MSN: Rexxxxxx@hotmail.com QQ: 3A984
版权: 原创文章.转载请保留作者信息和原文完整.谢绝任何方式的摘要.

LVM 介绍:

LVM – Logical Volume Manager 是Linux系统下最强大的磁盘管理技术之一.它将您从不得不思考物理容量中解脱出来,代之以逻辑形式来思考这些容量. 当您需要考虑如何替用户数据和系统文件分配空间的时候,LVM可以让您彻底忘记传统的分区做法.

简单地来说,LVM就是将众多物理设备组合成一个大的虚拟设备,用户只需思考如何在虚拟设备上做传统的空间分配策略,而将物理设备的管理交由LVM自己去处理.这个由物理设备组合所成的虚拟设备称为卷组(Volume Group),简称为VG;而用户在卷组VG上所划分的磁盘空间则称为逻辑卷(Logical Volume),简称为LV;而原始物理设备必须经过初始化处理才能加入卷组集合,这种经过特别处理的原始设备或磁盘空间则称为物理卷(Physical Volume),简称为PV.

LVM磁盘空间管理系统允许您在需要的时候重新调整大小, 这也就意味着在管理磁盘空间资源方面, 您将获得极大程度的自由. 基本上这是很有诱惑力的, 但您应该留心硬盘出错的情况,如果您没有在LVM管理中为出现这种情况而做好计划,那么您可能会丢失大量数据.

LVM 术语:

PV – Physical Volume 物理卷,例如一个硬盘,或一个Software RAID设备;
VG – Volume Group 卷组,将一组物理卷收集为一个管理单元;
LV – Logical Volume 逻辑卷,等同于传统分区,可看作便准的块设备,以容纳文件系统;
PE – Physical Extent 物理块,划分物理卷的数据块;
LE – Logical Extent 逻辑块,划分逻辑卷的数据块;

LVM 结构:

为了让大家了解关于LVM的概念和结构.实现方式等.作者花了整整一天时间画了一个图.
突然发现自己的”设计”水准很前卫很潮流. (谁说图片不好看谁就不要看文章了! :-))

说明: /boot 这个挂载分区不能存在于VG卷组里.所以我们一般是建议单独分区.

使用LVM的基本步骤如下:

1. 安装lvm2 ( apt-get install lvm2 )

2. 使用fdisk分区指定的物理硬盘

3. 使用lvm管理工具进行lvm配置 (建立PV / VG / LV)

4. 格式化已经设置好的LV逻辑卷.挂载到指定目录.

5. 关于如何增加/删除/修改LV逻辑卷大小.请期待第2季.

LVM 配置步骤:

// 查看物理磁盘状态 – 硬盘(容量1GB) /dev/sdb 已经识别

Debian:/home/reistlin# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0×0002db3a

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 1033 8297541 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1034 1305 2184840 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
128 heads, 32 sectors/track, 512 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4096 * 512 = 2097152 bytes
Disk identifier: 0×00000000

Disk /dev/sdb doesn’t contain a valid partition table

// 使用 fdisk 对 /dev/sdb 分区

Debian:/home/reistlin# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0×4e896764.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won’t be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0×0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): new
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-512, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-512, default 512):
Using default value 512

Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition’s system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

// 查看分区后的物理磁盘信息 – /dev/sdb1 状态正常

Debian:/home/reistlin# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0×0002db3a

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 1033 8297541 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1034 1305 2184840 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
128 heads, 32 sectors/track, 512 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 4096 * 512 = 2097152 bytes
Disk identifier: 0×4e896764

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 512 1048560 83 Linux

// 进入 LVM 模式

Debian:/home/reistlin# lvm

// 查看 LVM 磁盘状态 – 目前没有任何 LVM 磁盘信息

lvm> lvmdiskscan
/dev/ram0 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram1 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/root [ 7.91 GB]
/dev/ram2 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/sda2 [ 2.08 GB]
/dev/ram3 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram4 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram5 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram6 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram7 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram8 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram9 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram10 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram11 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram12 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram13 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram14 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram15 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/sdb [ 1.00 GB]
2 disks
17 partitions
0 LVM physical volume whole disks
0 LVM physical volumes

// 查看 LVM 配置文件 – dump 模式

lvm> dumpconfig
devices {
dir=”/dev”
scan=”/dev”
preferred_names=[]
filter=”a/.*/”
cache_dir=”/etc/lvm/cache”
cache_file_prefix=”"
write_cache_state=1
sysfs_scan=1
md_component_detection=1
ignore_suspended_devices=0
}
activation {
missing_stripe_filler=”/dev/ioerror”
reserved_stack=256
reserved_memory=8192
process_priority=-18
mirror_region_size=512
readahead=”auto”
mirror_log_fault_policy=”allocate”
mirror_device_fault_policy=”remove”
}
global {
umask=63
test=0
units=”h”
activation=1
proc=”/proc”
locking_type=1
fallback_to_clustered_locking=1
fallback_to_local_locking=1
locking_dir=”/var/lock/lvm”
}
shell {
history_size=100
}
backup {
backup=1
backup_dir=”/etc/lvm/backup”
archive=1
archive_dir=”/etc/lvm/archive”
retain_min=10
retain_days=30
}
log {
verbose=0
syslog=1
overwrite=0
level=0
indent=1
command_names=0
prefix=” ”
}

// 创建 Physical Volume (PV)

lvm> pvcreate
Please enter a physical volume path
lvm> pvcreate /dev/sdb1
Physical volume “/dev/sdb1″ successfully created

// 查看 Physical Volume (PV) 状态

lvm> pvdisplay
CTRL-c detected: giving up waiting for lock
— Physical volume —
PV Name /dev/sdb1
VG Name vg_test
PV Size 1023.98 MB / not usable 3.98 MB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size (KByte) 4096
Total PE 255
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 255
PV UUID SwfyW5-veGN-1Ptd-VIUo-0I3I-CdVB-QF7BwC

// 再次查看 LVM 磁盘状态

lvm> lvmdiskscan
/dev/ram0 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram1 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/root [ 7.91 GB]
/dev/ram2 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/sda2 [ 2.08 GB]
/dev/ram3 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram4 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram5 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram6 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram7 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram8 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram9 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram10 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram11 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram12 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram13 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram14 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/ram15 [ 8.00 MB]
/dev/sdb1 [ 1023.98 MB] LVM physical volume
1 disk
17 partitions
0 LVM physical volume whole disks
1 LVM physical volume

// 创建 Volume Group (VG)

lvm> vgcreate vg_test
Please enter physical volume name(s)
lvm> vgcreate vg_test /dev/sdb1
Volume group “vg_test” successfully created

// 查看 Volume Group (VG) 状态

lvm> vgdisplay
— Volume group —
VG Name vg_test
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 1020.00 MB
PE Size 4.00 MB
Total PE 255
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 255 / 1020.00 MB
VG UUID Dbm7gQ-HDao-0z2Z-2u3q-XK9A-bmEv-ES3qC0

// 创建 Logical Volume (LV) – 如果需要使用全部VG空间. 输入 -l <Total PE> 的值.
// <Total PE> 的值可以使用 vgdisplay 命令查看: Total PE = 255

lvm> lvcreate -l 255 vg_test -n lv_test
Logical volume “lv_test” created

// 查看 Logical Volume (LV) 状态

lvm> lvdisplay
— Logical volume —
LV Name /dev/vg_test/lv_test
VG Name vg_test
LV UUID l3GUct-M3nG-m837-wOe2-4EWo-ZPU6-xskaq8
LV Write Access read/write
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 1020.00 MB
Current LE 255
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 254:0

// 输入 exit 退出 LVM 配置模式. Ext3 格式化 lv_test 逻辑卷

Debian:/home/reistlin# mkfs -t ext3 -j /dev/vg_test/lv_test
mke2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
65280 inodes, 261120 blocks
13056 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=268435456
8 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8160 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 25 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

// 挂载 lv_test 逻辑卷到 /mnt 目录. 你也可以挂载到 /home 目录

Debian:/home/reistlin# mount /dev/vg_test/lv_test /mnt
Debian:/home/reistlin# cd /mnt

// 测试文件读写. Reistlin.Com. OKay.

Debian:/mnt# vim Reistlin.Com
Debian:/mnt# cat Reistlin.Com
Welcome to Reistlin.Com

Ubuntu Server 启用 Apache Mod_Rewrite

十一 13th

由REISTLIN发表在Apache

sudo a2enmod rewrite

Enabling module rewrite.
Run ‘/etc/init.d/apache2 restart’ to activate new configuration!

sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default

AllowOverride All